Elevated mucosal expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which transcriptionally regulates genes associated with gut barrier protection, results in greater levels of butyrate that are essential for sustaining intestinal immunometabolic balance 78
These findings demonstrated that GHK could alleviate the inflammation and reverse the imbalance of metalloprotease/anti-metalloprotease following ICH
After this phase, most patients transition to a maintenance schedule, which uses less frequent dosing to help maintain the desired effect
[1] These are meaningful cosmetic endpoints, and they map logically onto the mechanism: more collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, better-organized remodeling, and reduced oxidative and inflammatory burden should, in principle, translate into firmer, smoother, more resilient skin